Table 1. Characteristic of biochar produced from various biomass and reaction conditions

Feedstock		Carbonization temperature (℃)	Carbonization time (h)	Elemental composition (%)				Ash (%)	pH	SSA (m2/g)	Ref.
				C	H	O	N
Wood and waste wood	Eucalyptus	400	0.5	77.80	5.38	18.30	0.41		7.47	10.35	[8]
		500	1	83.11		16.89				253.25	[9]
	Eucalyptus bark	600	1	79.10	3.30	12.17	4.20		9.37	188.20	[10]
	Pine wood sawdust	300500700	3	57.7170.2473.13	4.542.621.75	36.2925.6023.99	1.461.551.13			0.6830.07230.43	[11]
	Hickory wood	300450600	2	69.1076.3083.30	4.653.532.51	25.6014.106.08	0.390.300.29		7.107.908.40	0.809.80221.50	[12]
	Bamboo chips	600	1	81.20	2.83	8.27	4.55		9.59	246.70	[10]
	Wattle bark	500	2					7.16	8.92	393.15	[13]
Agricultural byproducts	Sugarcane bagasse	500		75.94	1.77	21.89	0.40			78.15	[14]
	Corn straw	600800	2	84.3586.14	2.691.34	8.898.25	1.361.11	7.2310.79		97.2093.70	[15]
	Rice straw	350550	2	47.7045.70	3.622.13		1.471.17	27.4042.90	8.4310.30	3.104.15	[16]
	Corn cob	600	1	79.10	2.87	8.86	4.25		10.10	242.10	[10]
	Coconut shell	700	2							434.83	[17]
	Palm bark	400	0.5	68.90	5.30	20.80	0.88		7.10	2.46	[8]
	Grape skins	350550750	2	47.2578.2278.68	5.072.731.36	21.1712.9413.49	2.092.222.26	4.423.894.21		0.252.57137.37	[18]
Others	Switchgrass	600900	1	82.8085.50	1.700.60	6.702.60	1.31.5	5.277.54	10.9010.70	255.80641.60	[19]
	Macroalga	400600800	1.5	40.4040.2542.39	1.921.370.46	7.056.972.13	4.333.111.43	46.2948.3053.59	8.3410.1312.31		[20]
	Mimosa plants	500	2					7.48	10.09	2.62	[13]
	Wakame	800	2	63.13	2.83	14.87	2.80			69.70	[21]
	Anaerobic digestion residue	400	0.5	63.50	5.28	18.10	0.94		8.83	7.60	[8]
	Coffee husks	500	2					2.79	6.66	285.53	[13]

SSA, specific surface area.